Técnicas de diagnóstico in vitro disponibles para COVID-19: utilidades y limitaciones
Resumen
La magnitud de los desafíos para el control de la actual pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19), requiere de técnicas de diagnóstico precisas y eficientes, para permitir la toma de decisiones y capacidad de respuesta. Los diversos tipos de técnicas de diagnóstico, sirven para determinados propósitos y responden a necesidades diagnósticas en etapas distintas de la infección y seguimiento. Variables como el tipo o la temporalidad de obtención de la muestra, condicionan la información que se recaba. La técnica reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcripción inversa en tiempo real (rt-PCR), se basa en la detección de genoma viral y es la técnica de referencia con la que se comparan las otras, es la más confiable y establecida. Sin embargo, esta técnica tiene limitaciones, como el tiempo de respuesta y el requerimiento de instalaciones complejas. Las técnicas alternativas, muchas aún en desarrollo, apuntan a suplir estas restricciones y ofrecer un diagnóstico rápido, barato, reproducible y universalmente disponible. Algunas de ellas utilizan el mismo principio que la rt-PCR o bien usan indicadores de la respuesta inmunológica del hospedero. Las pruebas rápidas antigénicas y serológicas basadas en inmunoensayos de flujo lateral tienen baja sensibilidad. Algunas tecnologías emergentes, muestran una alta sensibilidad y especificidad, pudiendo ayudar en el tamizaje poblacional.Palabras clave:
técnicas diagnósticas, pandemia por enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa (rt-PCR), sensibilidad y especificidadReferencias
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